付晓飞,王海学,宋宪强,王升,樊明星
FU Xiaofei,WANG Haixue,SONG Xianqiang,WANG Sheng,FAN Mingxing

• 1:多资源协同陆相页岩油绿色开采全国重点实验室
• 2:东北石油大学CNPC断裂控藏研究室
• 3:黑龙江省油气藏及地下储库完整性评价重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

断层和裂缝是导致油气垂向调整运移或散失（圈闭失利）的首要因素，但不同类型盖层段断层的垂向封闭性控制因素存在明显差异，制约着断层垂向封闭性评价。以厚层膏岩、泥岩盖层为研究对象，结合野外观察、岩石力学测试和室内油气藏解剖，建立了基于拜尔利摩擦定律、莫尔-库伦破裂准则和盖茨准则的盖层脆韧性转化量化评价方法，揭示出不同脆韧性盖层段断裂带内部结构的差异性，构建了不同盖层脆韧性条件下的断层垂向封闭性评价方法。结果表明：厚层膏岩、泥岩盖层段断层的垂向封闭性主控因素是盖层的脆韧性、断层在盖层段的变形机制及垂向封闭能力；采用断接厚度（H_(CJT)）法量化表征准南地区安集海河组脆性域泥岩盖层段断层的垂向封闭性，其H_(CJT)临界值约为400 m；采用泥岩涂抹系数（C_(SSF)）量化表征库车坳陷东秋背斜南翼脆韧性域膏岩盖层段断层的垂向封闭性，其C_(SSF)临界值为3.5～4.0。研究成果对中国沉积盆地断块油气藏三维立体勘探具有重要的指导意义。
Faults and fractures are primary factors that lead to vertical adjustment migration or leakage of oil and gas(trap failure), but controlling factors of vertical fault seal of different types of caprock intervals are obviously different, restricting evaluation of vertical fault seal. Taking thick gypsum caprock and mudstone caprock as study object, and combining with field observation, rock mechanics test and laboratory reservoir analysis, a quantitative evaluation method for caprock brittle-ductile transition is established based on Byerlee friction law, Mohr-Coulomb fracture criterion and Goetze's criterion, revealing the difference of internal structure of fault zones in different brittle/ductile caprock intervals and constructing an evaluation method for vertical fault seal in different brittle/ductile caprocks. The results show that the main controlling factors of vertical fault seal in thick gypsum and mudstone caprock intervals are caprock brittleness/ductility, deformation mechanism of fault in caprock intervals and vertical sealing capacity. Vertical fault seal of mudstone caprock in brittle area of Anjihaihe Formation in Zhunnan area is quantitatively characterized by fault juxtaposition thickness(H_(CJT)) method, with H_(CJT)T critical value of about 400 m.Vertical fault seal of gypsum caprock in brittle/ductile area of southern flank of Dongqiu anticline in Kuqa Depression is quantitatively characterized by shale smear factor(C_(SSF)), with critical value of 3.5～4.0. The research provides important guidance for three-dimensional stereoscopic exploration of fault-block reservoirs in sedimentary basins in China.

关键词(KeyWords)： 盖层有效性;脆韧性;变形机制;垂向封闭性;油气保存
caprock effectiveness;brittle/ductile;deformation mechanism;vertical seal;oil and gas preservation

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金重点联合基金项目“断裂对页岩油富集控制作用研究——以松辽盆地南部青一段页岩油为例”（U20A2093）;; 黑龙江省博士后资助项目“断层在青山口组页岩段分段变形机制及控制‘保存’机理研究”（LBH-Z22255）

作者(Author): 付晓飞,王海学,宋宪强,王升,樊明星
FU Xiaofei,WANG Haixue,SONG Xianqiang,WANG Sheng,FAN Mingxing

DOI: 10.19597/J.ISSN.1000-3754.202405013

参考文献(References)：

• [1] HUBBERT M K. Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions[J]. AAPG Bulletin,1953,38(2):1954-2026.
• [2] WATTS N L. Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single-and two-phase hydrocarbon columns[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,1987,4(4):274-307.
• [3]吕延防，李国会，王跃文，等.断层封闭性的定量研究方法[J].石油学报，1996,17(3):39-45.LüYanfang, LI Guohui, WANG Yuewen, et al. Quantitative analyses in fault sealing properties[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,1996,17(3):39-45.
• [4]吴桐，付晓飞，王海学，等.膏盐岩脆塑性变形特征及封闭能力定量评价[J].地质论评，2016,62(1):127-137.WU Tong, FU Xiaofei, WANG Haixue, et al. Brittle ductile deformation characteristics of anhydrite-salt rock and quantitative evaluation of its sealing ability[J]. Geological Review,2016,62(1):127-137.
• [5] DOWNEY M W. Evaluating seals for hydrocarbon accumulations[J]. AAPG Bulletin,1984,68(11):1752-1763.
• [6]付晓飞，刘小波，宋岩，等.中国中西部前陆冲断带盖层品质与油气成藏[J].地质论评，2008,54(1):82-93.FU Xiaofei, LIU Xiaobo, SONG Yan, et al. Caprock quality and hydrocarbon accumulation in the basins of foreland thrust belts, central and western China[J]. Geological Review,2008,54(1):82-93.
• [7]付晓飞，贾茹，王海学，等.断层-盖层封闭性定量评价：以塔里木盆地库车坳陷大北—克拉苏构造带为例[J].石油勘探与开发，2015,42(3):300-309.FU Xiaofei,JIA Ru,WANG Haixue,et al.Quantitative evaluation of fault-caprock sealing capacity:A case from Dabei-Kelasu structural belt in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(3):300-309.
• [8]付晓飞，吴桐，吕延防，等.油气藏盖层封闭性研究现状及未来发展趋势[J].石油与天然气地质，2018, 39(3):454-471.FU Xiaofei,WU Tong,LüYanfang,et al. Research status and development trend of the reservoir caprock sealing properties[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2018,39(3):454-471.
• [9] INGRAM G M, URAI J L, NAYLOR M A. Sealing processes and top seal assessment[M]//M?LLER-PEDERSEN P,KOESTLER A G. Hydrocarbon Seals:Importance for Exploration and Production,Oslo:Norwegian Petroleum Society,1997.
• [10] INGRAM G M, URAI J L. Top-seal leakage through faults and fractures:The role of mudrock properties[J]. Geological Society Special Publication,1999,158(1):125-135.
• [11]付广，王浩然，胡欣蕾.断裂带盖层油气封盖断接厚度下限的预测方法及其应用[J].中国石油大学学报（自然科学版），2015,39(3):30-37.FU Guang,WANG Haoran,HU Xinlei. Prediction method and application of caprock faulted-contact thickness lower limit for oilgas sealing in fault zone[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(3):30-37.
• [12]付晓飞，宋宪强，王海学，等.裂陷盆地断层圈闭含油气有效性综合评价：以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷为例[J].石油勘探与开发，2021,48(4):677-686.FU Xiaofei,SONG Xianqiang,WANG Haixue,et al. Comprehensive evaluation on hydrocarbon-bearing availability of fault traps in a rift basin:A case study of the Qikou Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin, China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2021,48(4):677-686.
• [13] SONG X Q,WANG H X,FU X F,et al. Hydrocarbon retention and leakage in traps bounded by active faults:A case study from traps along the NDG fault in the Qinan area, Bohai Bay Basin,China[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2022,208:109344.
• [14] JIN Z J,YUAN Y S,SUN D S,et al. Models for dynamic evaluation of mudstone/shale cap rocks and their applications in the lower Paleozoic sequences,Sichuan basin,SW China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,49:121-128.
• [15]高鹏博，吕丁友，黄江波，等.砂-泥互层盖层垂向封闭性定量评价[J].能源与环保，2021,43(11):115-120.GAO Pengbo, LüDingyou, HUANG Jiangbo, et al. Quantitative evaluation of vertical sealing of sand-mud interbed caprock[J]. China Energy and Environmental Protection, 2021, 43(11):115-120.
• [16]何海清，王兆云，程玉群.渤海湾盆地深层石油地质条件分析[J].沉积学报，1999,17(2):273-279.HE Haiqing,WANG Zhaoyun,CHENG Yuqun. Petroleum geology condition analysis to the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1999,17(2):273-279.
• [17] CORCORAN D V,DORéA G. Top seal assessment in exhumed basin settings:Some insights from Atlantic margin and borderland basins[M]//KOESTLER A G, HUNSDALE R. Hydrocarbon Seal Quantification. Oslo:Norwegian Petroleum Society,2002.
• [18] WANG H X,WU T,FU X F,et al. Quantitative determination of the brittle-ductile transition characteristics of caprocks and its geological significance in the Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin,western China[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2019,173:492-500.
• [19] SKERLEC G M. Evaluating top and fault seal[M]//BEAUMONT E A,FOSTER N H. Treatise of Petroleum Geology/Handbook of Petroleum Geology:Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,1999.
• [20] WANG H X,FU X F,FAN M X,et al. Fault growth and linkage:Implications for trap integrity in the Qi’nan area of the Huanghua Depression in Bohai Bay Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2022,145(5):105875.
• [21] FAN M X,WANG H X,FU X F,et al. Oil source and accumulation mechanism of the Damoguaihe Formation in the southern Wuerxun Sag, Hailaer Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2023,153(7):106266.
• [22]胡国艺，汪晓波，王义凤，等.中国大中型气田盖层特征[J].天然气地球科学，2009,20(2):162-166.HU Guoyi, WANG Xiaobo, WANG Yifeng, et al. Cap rock characteristics of medium and large gas fields in China[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2009,20(2):162-166.
• [23]邹才能，陶士振，张响响，等.中国低孔渗大气区地质特征、控制因素和成藏机制[J].中国科学D辑：地球科学，2009,39(11):1607-1624.ZOU Caineng,TAO Shizhen,ZHANG Xiangxiang,et al. Geological characteristics, controlling factors and reservoir-forming mechanism of low porosity atmosphere in China[J]. Science in China(Series D),2009,39(11):1607-1624.
• [24] EVANS B, FREDRICH J T, WONG T F. The brittle-ductile transition in rocks:Recent experimental and theoretical progress[J]. Geophysical Monograph Series,1990,56:1-20.
• [25] NYGARD R,GUTIERREZ M,BRATLI R K,et al. Brittle-ductile transition,shear failure and leakage in shales and mudrocks[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23(2):201-212.
• [26]吴桐.泥岩和膏岩盖层封闭能力动态演化研究[D].大庆：东北石油大学，2020.WU Tong. Study on dynamic evolution of sealing capacity of mudstone and gypsum cover[D]. Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2020.
• [27]陈颙，黄庭方，刘恩儒.岩石物理学[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2009.CHEN Yong,HUANG Tingfang,LIU Enru. Petrophysics[M].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press,2009.
• [28] BYERLEE J. Friction of rocks[J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics,1978,116(4):615-626.
• [29]贾茹.莺琼盆地盖层完整性及与天然气成藏[D].大庆：东北石油大学，2018.JIA Ru. Cover integrity and gas accumulation in Yingqiong Basin[D]. Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2018.
• [30] KOHLSTEDT D L,EVANS B,MACKWELL S J. Strength of the lithosphere:Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 1995, 100(B9):17587-17602.
• [31] PETLEY D N. Failure envelops of mudrocks at high confining pressures[J]. Geological Society Special Publication, 1999,158:61-71.
• [32] GOETZE C. High temperature rheology of westerly granite[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1971,76(5):1223-1230.
• [33] ANDERSON R N,FLEMINGS P,LOSH S,et al. Gulf of Mexico growth fault drilled,seen as oil,gas migration pathway[J].Oil&Gas Journal,1994,92(23):97-104.
• [34]吕延防，万军，沙子萱，等.被断裂破坏的盖层封闭能力评价方法及其应用[J].地质科学，2008,43(1):162-174.LüYanfang,WAN Jun,SHA Zixuan,et al. Evaluation method for seal ability of cap rock destructed by faulting and its application[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 2008, 43(1):162-174.
• [35] LINDSAY N G, MURPHY F C, WALSH J J, et al. Outcrop studies of shale smears on fault surface[M]//FLINT S S,BRYANT I D. The Geological Modelling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues. Gent:International Association of Sedimentologists,1993.
• [36] YIELDING G. Shale gouge ratio-Calibration by geohistory[M]//. KOESTLER A G, HUNSDALE R. Hydrocarbon Seal Quantification. Oslo:Norwegian Petroleum Society,2002.
• [37] KIM J,BERG R R,WATKINS J S,et al. Trapping capacity of faults in the Eocene Yegua Formation, east sour lake field,southeast Texas[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2003, 87(3):415-425.
• [38] FAERSETH R B. Shale smear along large faults:Continuity of smear and the fault seal capacity[J]. Journal of the Geological Society,2006,163(5):741-751.
• [39]宋岩，赵孟军，方世虎，等.中国中西部前陆盆地油气分布控制因素[J].石油勘探与开发，2012,39(3):265-274.SONG Yan, ZHAO Mengjun, FANG Shihu, et al. Dominant factors of hydrocarbon distribution in the foreland basins,central and western China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(3):265-274.
• [40]胡玉双，张伟健，王贵友.塔南凹陷反向断层形成机制及其在油气成藏中的作用[J].地质科技情报，2019,38(5):90-96,104.HU Yushuang, ZHANG Weijian, WANG Guiyou. Formation mechanism of reverse fault in Tanan Depression and its role in hydrocarbon accumulation[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,2019,38(5):90-96,104.
• [41]付晓飞，陈哲，闫百泉，等.海拉尔-塔木察格盆地中部断陷带油气富集主控因素分析：断层和盖层双控模式[J].中国科学：地球科学，2013,43(8):1338-1351.FU Xiaofei,CHEN Zhe,YAN Baiquan,et al. Analysis of main controlling factors of oil and gas enrichment in the central fault depression of Hailar-Tamzag Basin:Dual control model of fault and cap layer[J]. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 2013, 43(8):1338-1351.
• [42]汤国民，王德英，王飞龙，等.渤海海域南部盆缘凹陷天然气成藏特征及地质意义[J].中国矿业大学学报，2022,51(4):757-768.TANG Guomin,WANG Deying,WANG Feilong,et al. Characteristics of natural gas accumulation and geological significance of basin margin depression in southern Bohai Sea[J]. Journal of China University of Mining&Technology, 2022, 51(4):757-768.